Processing keyword: A。しかし、～B。 (A. Shikashi, ~B.)

Japanese Grammar Point: A。しかし、～B。 (A. Shikashi, ~B.)

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1. Introduction

In this lesson, we'll explore the usage of 「しかし」 (shikashi), a conjunction in Japanese that translates to "however" or "but" in English. This grammar point is essential for expressing contrast between two statements and is commonly used in both written and spoken Japanese.

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2. Core Grammar Explanation

Meaning

「しかし」 (shikashi) is used to connect two sentences where the second sentence expresses a contrast or contradiction to the first. It introduces an opposing idea or unexpected outcome.

• English Equivalent: "However", "But", "Nevertheless"

Structure

The basic structure is:

A。しかし、B。

• A: First sentence (statement)
• しかし: Conjunction "However"
• B: Second sentence (contrasting statement)

Formation Diagram

[Sentence A].
しかし、
[Sentence B].

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3. Comparative Analysis

While 「しかし」 (shikashi) means "however", it's essential to distinguish it from other similar conjunctions:

Japanese	Meaning	Usage Context
しかし	However	Formal written and spoken
でも	But	Casual spoken
だが	However/But	Very formal, often in writing
けれども	Although/But	Polite spoken and written

• Example Comparison:
  • しかし: Formality level is moderate; suitable for essays, news, and formal conversations.
  • でも: More casual; used among friends and in informal settings.

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4. Examples in Context

Formal Context

1. 彼は努力した。しかし、試験に合格できなかった。 Kare wa doryoku shita. Shikashi, shiken ni goukaku dekinakatta. He put in effort. However, he couldn't pass the exam.
2. この製品は高品質です。しかし、価格が高いです。 Kono seihin wa kouhinshitsu desu. Shikashi, kakaku ga takai desu. This product is of high quality. However, the price is high.

Informal Context

1. 雨が降っている。しかし、彼は出かけた。 Ame ga futte iru. Shikashi, kare wa dekaketa. It's raining. However, he went out.
2. 時間がなかった。しかし、宿題は終わらせた。 Jikan ga nakatta. Shikashi, shukudai wa owaraseta. I didn't have time. However, I finished my homework.

Written Context (Articles, Essays)

1. 経済は成長している。しかし、貧困層は増えている。 Keizai wa seichou shite iru. Shikashi, hinkonsou wa fuete iru. The economy is growing. However, the poor population is increasing.
2. 環境問題への関心が高まっている。しかし、具体的な行動は不足している。 Kankyou mondai e no kanshin ga takamatte iru. Shikashi, gutaiteki na koudou wa fusoku shite iru. Interest in environmental issues is rising. However, concrete actions are lacking.

Spoken Context

1. 昨日は寒かった。しかし、今日は暖かいね。 Kinou wa samukatta. Shikashi, kyou wa atatakai ne. It was cold yesterday. However, it's warm today, isn't it?
2. 彼女は忙しいと言った。しかし、パーティーに来た。 Kanojo wa isogashii to itta. Shikashi, paーティー ni kita. She said she was busy. However, she came to the party.

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5. Cultural Notes

Levels of Politeness and Formality

• 「しかし」 (shikashi) is slightly formal and frequently used in formal speeches, news reports, essays, and business contexts.
• In casual conversations, speakers might prefer 「でも」 (demo) instead of 「しかし」.

Idiomatic Expressions

• しかしながら An even more formal expression meaning "however" or "nevertheless". Example: 多くの努力がされた。しかしながら、問題は解決されていない。 Ooku no doryoku ga sareta. Shikashinagara, mondai wa kaiketsu sarete inai. Much effort has been made. However, the problem has not been solved.

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6. Common Mistakes and Tips

Error Analysis

• Overusing in Casual Speech: Using 「しかし」 in very casual conversations can sound overly formal or stiff. Tip: In casual settings, use 「でも」.
• Incorrect Placement: Placing 「しかし」 in the middle of a sentence instead of at the beginning of the second sentence. Incorrect: 彼は忙しいしかし来た。 Correct: 彼は忙しい。しかし、来た。

Learning Strategies

• Mnemonic Device: Think of "Shi-kashi" as "She Cash", needing contrast between two statements about "She and Cash".
• Practice Contrasts: Create your own sentences using 「しかし」 to contrast two ideas you encounter daily.

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7. Summary and Review

Key Takeaways

• 「しかし」 (shikashi) means "however" and is used to introduce a contrasting statement.
• It is moderately formal and appropriate for both written and spoken contexts.
• Contrast 「しかし」 with similar conjunctions like 「でも」 for nuanced understanding.

Quick Recap Quiz

1. What is the primary use of「しかし」? a) To list items. b) To express cause and effect. c) To introduce a contrasting statement.
2. Which conjunction is more appropriate in casual conversation? a) しかし b) でも c) しかしながら
3. Fill in the blank with the correct conjunction: 空は暗くなった。____、雨は降らなかった。

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Answers:

1. c) To introduce a contrasting statement.
2. b) でも
3. しかし

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Feel free to create your own sentences using 「しかし」 to reinforce your understanding!

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